Abstract

This research explores the dynamic interplay between human beings and machines. It highlights that in the near future machines will be able to control the world. He presents the dynamic interplay between man and machines through the lens of posthumanism. This research enriches the apprehension of the future belief that machines will dominate the whole world through automated instruction. This research analyzes Klara and the Sun in light of Nick Bostrom's viewpoints on posthumanism and transhumanism and Raymond Kurzweil's supportive arguments on future predictions that form the theoretical framework of this study. This research raises the most occurring question in the minds of human beings about the result of the dynamic interplay between humanity and machines. It is crucial to pay attention towards transhumanism instantly not only because of its current and ongoing rise from every aspect of life but also due to its prominent developments that are focused on transhumanism.

Key Words

Dynamic Interplay, Humanity and Machines, Posthumanism, Transhumanism

Introduction

This research aims to examine the dynamic interplay between humanity and machines. The desire of getting successful and everlasting life leads human beings to depend on machines for their every work. It is the ultimate wish of every person that can bring catastrophic results in the end. The vision of this kind of successful life is a universal trait of human nature. It is customary in all cultures without the concern of time and place and nowadays it is still driving us to get new attainments that surpass in fact the edifices.

Kazuo Ishiguro is one of the most remarkable Nobel Prize-achieving writers in the whole world. He is a Japanese-British writer. His eighth novel is Klara and the Sun which is published in March 2021. This novel is narrated by a robot named Klara. The novel sets in a conjectural future in which children have companions in the form of AFs, Artificial Friends. The super-intelligent machines and robots are called AFs. These intelligent and smart artificial friends are human-like machines which are designed to keep children away from being alone. They only socialize when interaction meetings are being organized. Some children have the advantage of being lifted, a sort of genetic modification like Josie. The writer has illustrated the reliance of human beings and their attitudes on machines intellectually, physically and psychologically (Ishiguro, 2021).

According to the writer, Ishiguro (2021), it will be possible in the future that man and machine will become one through dynamic interplay which consider to be a successful robotic life. Klara and the Sun is contemplated as a science fiction anti-utopian novel. Kazuo Ishiguro is not the kind of an author who sticks to one genre. He is not fond of a particular genre but he likes to play with conventions of genres. As a dystopian author, Ishiguro depicts humanoid as fast learning machines which observe, understand, learn and acts accordingly such as in the case of Klara and Josie. In modern society, transhumanism has unfolded the initial attempts to advocate that successful robotic life which will be possible through the dynamic interplay between humanity and machines. This will bring machines to take hold of the entire world rapidly.

Posthumanism is a philosophical movement which is coined by Hayles in her outstanding book, How We Became Posthuman (1990). According to her posthumanism is a concept which is originating in the fields of science fiction, futurology, contemporary art and philosophy which refers to a person or entity that exists in a state beyond being human. In her book, she examined the history and impacts of cybernetics which deals with the control and communication in animals and machines. This is a root book which discusses what it is to be human during this time of rapid changes in technology. She argues about revolutionary human transformation which is brought by computers, artificial intelligence and virtual reality. She disregards the idea of immortality generated by preserving human knowledge with computers and using it for coming generations. She explains, "There is no consensus on what the posthuman portends, in part because how the posthuman is constructed and imagined varies so widely” (Hayles, 1990, p.251).

Transhumanism is fundamentally a racial and intellectual movement which established the idea according to human beings can enhance their capabilities by using science and technology and by doing so they can overcome many of their limitations of being humans. For the recent twenty years, transhumanists are playing a significant role in promoting the revolutionary uses of technology for enhancing the lifespan and they are indulged in making efforts to inhabit human beings in outer space (Huberman, 2020).

Bostrom is a pioneer of the transhumanist movement. He is one of the most prominent figures and played a remarkable role in this movement. He suggested to all human beings that they have a motive to establish means to inspect the huge space with feasible means of living which is currently not accessible due to our natural restrictions. According to him, transhumanism encourages an integrative approach to understanding and analysing the chance for improving and maintaining humans' position through the advancement of technology. These future technologies can become a threat to human beings on a large scale due to using them without making precautionary measures to handle them which proves helpful in saving human life (Bostrom, 2003). 

Kurzweil (1999) is an American inventor and futurist. Kurzweil gives the concept of technological singularity which indicates the decisive time period when machines become more intelligent than humans. He wrote on the subjects such as fitness, intelligent retrieval, transhumanism, technological singularity and futurism. Kurzweil believes it will be difficult in the mid-21st century to make a difference between human capabilities and the intelligence of machines. The issue of singularity seems the most prominent subject in science fiction movies and novels.




Statement of the Problem 

The recent study critically analyzes the dynamic interplay between humanity and machines in Klara and the Sun by Kazuo Ishiguro from a posthumanist perspective. This study is based upon the reciprocal relationship of humans and machines through which technological advancements gain control over human beings by giving them deception of modern and successful life which towards manipulation of human beings.




Research Objectives 

1. To explore the manipulation of human beings in the hands of artificial intelligence in Klara and the Sun as suggested by Bostrom.

2. To examine the dynamic interplay between humanity and machines in the novel according to Ishiguro.




Research Questions

This research targets the following questions:

1. How does this research indicate the manipulation of human beings in the hands of artificial intelligence as suggested by Bostrom?

2. How does the novel highlight the dynamic interplay between humanity 

and machines according to the viewpoint of Ishiguro? 

Research Methodology

This research is qualitative in nature with descriptive, interpretive and analytical to find out the answers to the questions which rose at the start of the research to consummate the objectives of the study. This study is a textual analysis of the content, themes and characters of Klara and the Sun (2021). The conceptual frame of references from posthumanist and transhumanist proponents Nick Bostrom (2014) and Raymond Kurzweil (2005) are considered to investigate the text of Klara and the Sun. This research is qualitative and argumentative in nature. This research follows APA (American Psychological Association) format. The resources which are used for this research are books, research articles, newspaper articles and electronic resources.




Limitation 

The research will focus on the dynamic interplay between humanity and machines to getting successful and dominant life in the modern era by following the path of transhumanism. This research will be limited to the manipulation of human beings in the hands of artificial intelligence by dynamic interplay. 

Literature Review

The main concern of this section is to read relevant literature bearing in mind the topic under discussion. This study examines the dynamic interplay between humanity and machines which leads human beings to exploitation in the hands of artificial intelligence.

Ishiguro, a Nobel Prize-winning author, depicts a wide variety of future technological breakthroughs and societal risks. If not for the story's extras, which include Klara's insurmountable difference, Josie's weird sickness, Sal's inexplicable death, the eugenic fads of their near dystopian future and the vanishing line between caring and service (Ying, 2021).

According to Ying (2021), Klara moved humans to consider that science can give more successful life and defeat death.  She represents her owner's struggles with the effects of her decision to genetically modify her own offspring to maximize their potential. Klara is both a machine and a contrivance, the ideal metaphor for parenting. 

Klara and the Sun (2021) represents the anxieties, transformations, and dread of death that people experience and pass down through the generations. However, a fresh possibility highlighted by the author is how technological advancements have assisted modern humans in overcoming their mental, emotional, and physical obstacles. The story illustrates the interrelationship between people, technology, and rapidly advancing AI. But much of the brutality in the book takes on kinder forms. In the book's last chapters, Klara speaks in a junkyard with her former shop manager. They admit that Klara has been fortunate and has lived in a successful home. The result is simultaneously unnerving and demoralizing yet this may be the aim. Ishiguro challenges us to consider the subtle ways that power operates and to see an emerging politics of caring in its finest and gradual manifestations (Ying, 2021).

Klara and the Sun (2021) keeps readers in the dark and forces them to consider the most fundamental topics, such as human beings' tremendous desire to conquer their dread of dying, the use of machines to extend their lives, and the use of technology to improve their skills etc. (Ishiguro, 2021).

Ishiguro uses an artificially intelligent robot, Klara, as the narrator in his novel Klara and the Sun (2021). Klara and the Sun (2021) includes an unexpected attraction, a companionship that transforms both people, a challenge that requires personal sacrifice, and a resolve. This book features a machine as both the subject and the narrator. Klara is designed to observe and understand how people act, interact and behave in society (Ishiguro, 2021).

In literary review, an international journal, Purdon (2021), reviewed the novel by presenting Descartes's own philosophy and related the novel's story with this philosophy. There is a story about Descartes according to which the philosopher once owned female automation, and after seeing the machine working, he declared it the work of the devil and threw it into the sea. There are other stories regarding this. In some different versions, it is said that Descartes built the automation machine to substitute for his illegitimate daughter, Francine, who died in her childhood. This tale persists because it combines a moving human tragedy with a philosophical problem- the relationship between mind and matter- central to Descartes's philosophy. It is a thought experiment disguised as a fairy tale.

According to Purdon (2021), the novel Klara and the Sun remind him of the above-discussed story moderately because it considers not only artificial life, lost children and parental grief but also because it implies inhabiting that same at the convergence of philosophy and fairy tale. Klara becomes devoted to Josie and helps her in the span of sickness caused by genetic enhancements that are now a standard investment for wealthy and ambitious parents in this near-credible future. Schools are considered a matter of the past, and the rich children learn at home, attending regular interaction meetings to prepare them for colleges populated entirely by the genetically enhanced. Genetically unenhanced child-like Rick, Josie's neighbour and childhood friend, is doomed to become underclass, eliminated from education and replaced by robotic labour (Purdon, 2021).

In The New Republic, Alam (2021), “Kazuo Ishiguro's Deceptively Simple Story of AI” was the headline of his essay that evaluated the book. In contrast to Ishiguro's earlier works, he said that Klara and the Sun are more straightforward than it appears. The narrative starts when a little girl named Josie chooses Klara to be an AF. Gradually, Klara learns that Josie is ill when she visits her home. It appears that the result of her being "lifted" is her disease. This is the method that people use to increase their intelligence. Rick, a friend of Josie's, is angry because he believes being "unlifted" would prevent him from being admitted to a reputable college. This demonstrates how one class is superior to another in society because their children are hoisted while the children of the other class are not. 

Reviews of Klara and the Sun have focused mainly on the novel's treatment of futuristic technology, Josie's odd sickness, and Sal's unexplained death. The story examines how technology has inspired people too much that they are trying to use it to get successful and everlasting life. This research focuses on examining the dynamic interplay between humanity and machines using transhumanism to achieve success in the modern era and the reliance of human beings on machines which causes their exploitation. The findings of this article fill the gaps left by other researchers in this area. It is crucial to pay attention properly to the recent developments of transhumanism and the deceptions which are led by it in the lives of human beings, especially by breaking through the kinds of biotransformative technologies such as genetic engineering and mind cloning. Thus, the research in this issue explicitly discusses posthumanism, transhumanism and the topics such as the manipulation of human beings through genetic engineering.

Theoretical Framework

This research aims to present the dynamic interplay between humanity and machines to gain post-humanity through transhumanism to spend never ending and victorious life. By getting this type of virtual life, human beings will enable themselves to defeat every hurdle that comes in their path of success even death. For this purpose, they have to go through the process of genetic engineering which will enhance their IQ level and enable them to change themselves into robots. 

The theoretical framework for this research has been derived from Bostrom’s theory about machines that will replace human brains and Raymond Kurzweil’s theory about future technological singularity support this research.




Posthumanism

Posthuman is a concept originating in the fields of science fiction, futurology, contemporary art and philosophy that means a person or entity that exists in a state beyond humans. Posthumanism, which is a set of ideas that have been emerging since around the 1990s, challenges the notion that humans are and always will be the only agents of the moral world.

The term ‘posthumanism’ is applied to a range of contemporary theoretical positions which are put forward by researchers with disciplinary backgrounds in philosophy, science and technology studies, literary studies, critical theory, theoretical sociology and communication studies. For these groups, posthumanism designates a series of breaks with fundamental assumptions of modern Western culture, in particular, a new way of understanding the human subject in relationship to the natural world in general. Posthumanist theory claims to present a new epistemology and it seeks to undermine the traditional boundaries between the human, the animal and the technology (More, 2013).




Transhumanism

Transhumanism is a social, technological, political and philosophical movement that advocates the transformation of human nature by means of pharmacology, genetic manipulation, cybernetic modification, nanotechnology and a host of other technologies. The aim of this movement is to increase physical and sensory abilities, argument intelligence and memory and extend lifespan. It is devoted to promoting the research and development of 'robust' human-enhancement technologies. Such technologies would increase cognitive capacity as well as radically improve human health. Such modifications resulting from the addition of biological or physical technologies would be more or less permanent and integrated into the human body (Ostberg, 2022).

The enhancement options being discussed include a radical extension of the human health span, eradication of disease, elimination of unnecessary suffering and augmentation of human intellectual, physical and emotional capacities. Other transhumanist themes include space colonization and the possibility of creating super-intelligent machines along with other potential developments that could deeply alter the human condition. The scope is not limited to gadgets and medicine but encompasses also economic, social, and institutional designs, cultural development, psychological skills and techniques (Bostrom, 2003).




Dynamic Interplay

Dynamic interplay means the reciprocal exchange of effects of two things on each other. The dynamic interplay between humanity and machines highlights the effects of machines on human beings and their lives and on the other hand the way machines operate according to humans' fed instruction for programming which shows humans' effects on machines.

Bostrom in his book Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (2014) visualizes the situation when the super-intelligent machines will gain such success which allow them to integrate humans’ life. With the passage of time, these machines, which are used for enhancing the intellectual capacities of humans' minds, will surpass humans' minds in various areas. Bostrom highlights the devastating situation which can be occurred due to these machines. He also says that human beings must make precautionary measures to save them from such chaos. Human beings should make policies, patterns and develop standards for the beneficial use of these machines to avoid such outcomes (Bostrom, 2014).

Singularity is a notion which is advocated by visionary Ray Kurzweil. It is an ongoing process which invites many discussions and debates regarding its feasibility and time span. It raises many thoughts and queries about modern means of technology and science.  Many researchers and explorers are performing a great job in order to comprehend and redesigning artificial intelligence to gain more benefits from it in future. Artificial intelligence will change the whole world into a new world where robots will take hold of the whole world (Kurzweil, 2005).

This research takes into account the concept of the dynamic interplay between humanity and machines through transhumanism by applying a posthumanist approach under the notions of Bostrom and Kurzweil. The characters of Klara, Josie, Chrissie, and Rick and their relationships support these views. Klara and Josie obviously knew the reason for their togetherness. However, both of them accept this and enjoy each other's company. Even Chrissie has this desire of converting her daughter despite her (Josie's) bad health, weak body and death of Sal (her elder daughter). She wants to cross the human biological limits and tries to defeat the death of her daughter, Josie, and give her immortal life. 







Textual Analysis

This research explores the portrayal of modern humans who depend more on artificial intelligence than on nature to overcome their life's hurdles and get extraordinary achievements. For this purpose, they have an intense desire to hand over their lives to machines to make their lives convenient. It examines transhumanism working as a reciprocal exchange through the evaluation of Klara and the Sun. 




The Manipulation of Human Beings

Klara and the Sun are portrayed by gentle creatures of another type, who is an AF (Artificial Friend) or can be said humanoid robot which is made to be a child friend. A near future is depicted in the novel, someplace in America. The manipulation of human beings has been analyzed in the hands of AI (Artificial Intelligence) and it has been observed from the beginning of the novel. Klara, a humanoid robot, is the narrator of the novel. This indicates the manipulation of human beings that the protagonist and narrator of the human story is a robot, not a human being. This representation of a robot taking the centre of the stage is clearly aligned with William’s (1974) ideas that post-humanity will create new forms of exploitation and repression. Human beings are being discriminated against by giving all importance to a robot. Human beings and their intelligence are questioned here. As the novel progresses, it has come into view that the whole novel revolves around the manipulation of human beings which leads towards the horror of this world gradually succumbing to the power of machines in the near future (Ishiguro, 2021).

There is a unique term 'lifted' used in the novel which points out that some youngsters have been boosted through the procedure of lifting, a procedure of genetic engineering that enhances both their opportunities for success and tendencies for a horrible and mysterious illness. There is an element of class discrimination which is characterized by the concept of ‘lifted’ and ‘unlifted' children. This is a clear indication that the rich people of the society have the power and enough wealth for genetic engineering of their children which gives them more chances of getting higher education in well-reputed institutions. On the other hand, the poor people have no such power and enough wealth for genetic engineering of their children in order to give those more opportunities for success except the fact that their children are very creative and intelligent. It strengthens Bostrom’s (2001) notion that posthumans have greater intellectual abilities than human beings. He says that posthumans are better at observing, understanding, remembering and learning. That’s why rich people of society choose this procedure for lifting their children. They believe that by following this procedure they will be able to modify themselves in a desirable way. This class discrimination highlights William's (1974) notion that modern human beings are exposed to new pathways of inequality, and xenophobia as the result of following the modes of post-humanity.

The appearance of Klara has been observed at the beginning of the novel when she is among other AFs (Artificial Friends) in a store. The store is visited by people who want to buy AFs for their children. These AFs play a vital role in the life of modern humans. The AFs give company to the children in the absence of their parents in order to overcome their loneliness because their parents are too busy and have no time for their children. This shows the extent of reliance of human beings on machines. By doing so, modern human beings are giving way to machines to take over their lives (Ishiguro, 2021).

Ultimately, Josie brought Klara. Josie is a fragile child who has been lifted with a rare sickness and her illness has been observed by Klara when she first saw Josie. As Klara states that Josie was a weak and pale girl and she came to her. She could see her walking style and it was not like the other pedestrians. Klara feels attraction towards her and wishes that Josie will take her home as her AF. At first, Josie's mother, Chrissie, does not like Klara but when Josie insists to buy her, she agrees and asks some question to Klara about Josie's eye colour, her voice pitch and asks her to walk before her just like Josie because she is in search of Josie's substitute. As the Mother asked these questions to Klara about her daughter in order to check her perceptional power. This highlights Hayles’ (1999) views about the transition of human bodies into more advanced technology. The mimicry of Klara about Josie's mannerisms and behaviour illuminates that posthumanism gives an illusion to modern humans to live successful and fearless life by giving their lives in the hands of robots.   

At this point, the Manager said that you have seen Klara’s unusual perceptional capacity and she has never known others like Klara. After hearing these qualities and observing Klara from Josie's perspective, Chrissie decides to take her home as a replacement for Josie after her death. She wants Klara to spend every moment with Josie in order to observe her closely and adopt her manners, habits etc. Klara notices that Josie feels lonely whenever her mother gives no attention to her and especially when Josie misses morning coffee with her mother. She shouts bad words whenever it happens so. As Klara says that if Josie loses to join her mother in coffee, there will be the risk of solitude which scares her whole day and no other activity can reduce it. The manipulation of human beings has been analyzed from Chrissie and Josie's behaviour. It also illustrates Hayles’ (1999) notion that in the future technology will shape human existence because human beings have no time for their family, children and even for themselves. It has been observed that in order to reduce Josie’s loneliness mother buys Klara as a substitute but the main reason behind all this is, to break all human limitations to restore Josie forever. For this purpose, Klara has been utilized as a medium. 

Genetic engineering plays a vital role in the novel which exploits human beings. It challenges the distinction between born and made through this process of genetic modification. It gives an option to the families for their children to safeguard their upcoming economic and occupational achievements of them as in the case of Josie. Josie suffers a lot due to this process but her parents are ready to do it for her better future. Artificial intelligence is just an obstruction to point out that human beings risk their attempt to control the domination of imposing depths that are deeply buried in DNA and in human cognition. Human beings' blind quest for self-improvement leads them towards their manipulation in the hands of artificial intelligence through biotechnological tactics. Klara is determined to find harmony with Josie and her habits, feelings and manners due to the feed instructions. It is her duty to keep Josie cheerful, calm, and safe and observe her deeply. As she says to Chrissie when they were on their visit to Morgan Falls, “I believe I have many feelings. The more I observe, the more feelings become available to me” (p. 85). It indicates the concept of avatar creator presented by Savin-Baden and Burden (2019) according to which the digital avatars have the ability to conduct conversation with the people who are being observed by these avatars with the minimum possibility of being mistaken such as a virtual humanoid. It highlights that Klara who is a humanoid observes Josie, understand her manners and learns them in order to mimic them, especially before her mother. It also strengthens Bostrom’s (2001) notion that posthumans have greater intellectual abilities than human beings. He says that posthumans are better at observing, understanding, remembering and learning.

It can be seen that Klara, a humanoid robot, tries to convince humans that these machines are the reasons for human beings' exploitation but human beings are too much dependent on these machines that they even no care about it. This genetic manipulation gives out specific societal and academic privileges. These privileges pave the way to which leads to a prejudiced, oppressed and class-conscious society.




The Dynamic Interplay between Humanity and Machines

Ishiguro has entire knowledge about human beings' tendency towards competition. The desire to attain an advantage for themselves and their coming generations might make it hard to be possible to oppose advanced means of biotechnology. These modes assure the people that their minds and physical existence could be enhanced or perfected. Due to this painful process of lifting Josie has a peculiar deteriorating state. The children who are lifted, they have to pass through this degenerative phase but all of them do not stay alive. Klara is basically an insurance policy in case of Josie’s death. It highlights the concept of memory creator presented by Savin-Baden and Burden (2019) according to which the digital memorization of any person will be possible before or after death. It is typically not done by any person. Klara is hopeful for Josie's mother because she knows that one day Josie will die due to her mysterious disease. This strengthens William's (1974) idea that post-humanity will lead to the complete disappearance of the human species. In this situation, Klara who has exceptional power will be able to give a new life to her daughter by mimicking her speech, voice, behaviour, talents, habits, emotions and mannerisms. It has been observed at the time of buying Klara and during their visit to Morgan Falls when Chrissie misses her daughter, Josie, she asks Klara to behave and talk like Josie with her. As Chrissie requests that she should not stop becoming Josie and let her allow to see a little more of it. After that, Klara mimics Josie as, "Hi, mom. Josie here." (p.91). Then Chrissie shows sadness about the absence of Josie due to her sickness and she sighs that she has a desire to stop Josie from getting sick and bring Josie with her on this tour. When she expresses her thoughts to Klara she replies to her in these words, "Mom, you don't need to worry. I will be alright. It is fine Mom, I promise, please don’t worry. I’ll recover quickly. I am also aware of the procedure.” (p. 91). The cited statement shows the desire of getting everlasting life and the efforts which are made to defeat death by genetic engineering to utilize modern modes of technology. It illuminates Bassett’s (2015) notion that memory creators and avatar creators are probably drawn on human's existing digital legacy. According to this concept, the increase in the development of the preference the computer-controlled systems and the application of learning machines techniques for massive sets of data that can be similar to human evaluation, are all having an undetermined impact on society while the real people of the society remain alive and after that when they have perished.

Chrissie has a motive to look forward to such indemnity because Josie's elder sister Sal has already died due to a prior lifting process. She knew that lifting is very dangerous for her health but she wants to do so despite the death of Sal which is the result of such a process and she knew about it very well. So, when Klara shows condolence on the death of Sal and asks the reason for his death she gets angry. "I ponder…why Sal died?" then the mother altered her expression and suddenly something horrible came into view in her surrounding and she is prompting to ask her, "What type of question is that?" "I apologize. I was just interested to get acquire about it…" "It is not your work to be interested…it happened, that's all." (p. 90). Josie gets weaker day by day. Rick, Josie's childhood friend, visits Josie's house every day and they engage in playing bubble games. Rick writes his thoughts in the bubbles which are drawn by Josie above their heads. Josie berates Rick for not being admitted to Atlas Bookings College. She also says bad words for Rick's mother and calls her selfish because she wants to keep him with her all her life.

How’s this going to work? Our plan, I mean… if I’ve got society and you haven’t? My mom drives too fast. But at least she’s got courage. It goes wrong with Sal, but even after that, she finds the courage to go ahead with me all over again. That takes courage, right? (p. 130).

The above statement of Josie highlights the fourth point of the transhumanist declaration which is authored by Bostrom (1998) according to which transhumanists promote the ethical due for the people who want to utilize technological advancement to enhance their intellectual and visible abilities and to intensify their domination on their lives. The people who are looking for their transformation beyond their contemporary intrinsic restrictions. That’s why, Josie considers it her moral right to pass through the process which will enhance her cognitive abilities.

At this point, Rick gets angry and indicates that he is spending a fit and well life in comparison to Josie who remains sick every day due to her mother having enough courage to take the chance of genetically enhanced Josie though after the death of Sal. It highlights the influence of technology-- how technology has corrupted the hearts of human beings that they are willing to risk the lives of their children. Josie's mother knows that genetic modification is creating serious health issues for Josie but she is ready to do so, only to give better future life to Josie. For this reason, she depends on modern means of technology by ignoring its harms. 

There is uncertainty about Klara that is she a human or a robot? As Rick’s mother says when Klara first time enters Rick’s house in order to give him Josie’s special picture, she says that no one knows how to deal with such guests like Klara and she interrogates, “After all, are you a guest at all? Or are you a vacuum cleaner?” (p. 145). It is basically a satire on human beings that they are depending on machines to such an extent that they select a robot to carry out their special messages to other human beings. It also highlights the reciprocal exchange of human beings' personal life in the hands of machines.

The dynamic interplay of humanity between machines has been observed during Chrissie, Josie and Klara’s visit to Mr Capaldi, who is a scientist and specialized in artificial technology. He is making a portrait which resembles Josie. Josie has to visit him in order to complete his work. Klara sees Mr Capaldi's effort and moves forwards to the worried Chrissie. They ask queries to Klara about the appearance, habits, manners and lifestyle of Josie. Klara replies that she can understand these queries and basically, it is the assessment of the knowledge she has about Josie, her feelings, her decisions and her perceptions about things. "I think the results will show I'm well able to train the Josie upstairs." (p. 209). This shows how this dynamic interplay between humanity and machines leads manipulation of human beings they ask machines about their children's life and manners and even say them to train the other machines to mimic their children after their death. Klara is bought to observe Josie, understand her mannerism, habits and lifestyle and at the end learn them all in order to mimic Josie after her death. These thoughts of Chrissie point out Ross's (2019) views that modern technological means have the aim to create new human species which transcends the limit imposed by human biological inheritance.   

History shows that super-intelligence is fast approaching. While discussing the intelligence of machines, it must be noted that these machines have a very crucial influence on our lives and this influence has been observed in the novel from the very beginning. These machines can be proved very beneficial in the field of industry, in exploring scientific discoveries and in solving complex problems but human beings must be aware of the dangers which are brought by these machines. Nonetheless, the exposure of such machines raises many thought-provoking considerations about handling their risks and dangers. Ishiguro presents every event of the novel by presenting man-machine interaction for the fulfilment of modern humans' desires. Nick Bostrom (2014) says that human beings may not be blessed with the highest intelligent cognitive abilities and they are not the super intelligent species in the whole universe. That is the reason they rely on machines for wiping out the obstacles that come in the progress of their lives by utilizing technological advancements. They have such intellectual abilities which lead them to the path of success in the industrial, scientific, societal, historical factors and in civilization. It has been that the other species whether they are biological or artificial, possess more cognitive capacities than human beings.

The humans' exploitation through the dynamic interplay between humanity and machines has been observed in the novel by showing the presence of the Cootings Machine which symbolizes the ways through which industry often harms natural environments and the health of human beings. The main purpose of these machines is not obvious. They appeared as the device which is used in construction. These machines have been observed first time by Klara when she was in the store. These machines emit harmful smoke which takes the form of a dark cloud on the top of it and this smoke increases the pollution and the noise in the environment. These machines emit white smoke and after some time it grew blacker until it got the highest position to become a discrete cloud. Gradually, Klara comes to know that these machines are the cause of bad health of Josie. It is basically a criticism of human beings. It also indicates Fukuyama's (2004) views that human beings are generating the resources of their own destruction by using modern technology.

After realizing this, Klara always thinks about Cootings Machine and how she will find it and crush it because it is the reason for emitting horrible impurities in the environment. It is the basic reason that brings Klara to the city. These machines can be easily identified because they have their name on their body. She also convinced him about destroying these machines in order to cure Josie’s health. She has faith that if they could crush these machines this will make the way to heal Josie’s health. After that, there will be no need for Josie's portrait and Klara’s observation about Josie and her lifestyle. It also strengthens Fukuyama’s (2004) notion that human beings are creating the means of devastation by utilizing advanced technology. The dangers created by this technology indicate a single worry that it is pursuing an end to the era of human beings.

It can be observed that these machines are the reasons for human beings' exploitation by reciprocal exchange of authority between man and machines but human beings are too much dependent on these machines that they even no care about it. This genetic manipulation gives out specific societal and academic privileges. These privileges pave the way to which leads to a prejudiced, oppressed and class-conscious society.

Conclusion

The research lays out the results and findings that have been extracted by the evaluation of the preferred work. The systematic textual evaluation of this work confirms that the dynamic interplay between humanity and machines to get successful and never-ending life leads towards the manipulation of human beings in the hands of artificial intelligence. It also proves that this type of life through transhumanism by following the path of posthumanism is only an illusion. 

This research explores the relationship between human beings and machines. The research highlights how technology affects human beings in their routine life and personal life as well. It also indicates the reliance of human beings on machines. It raises questions about the replacement of human beings which will be proved baseless question because these robots, such as Klara, lack senses. If these robots are highly intelligent and have more enhanced cognitive abilities, so why Klara shows these lacking? There is a flaw in machines' creation. They can never be the replacement for human beings who have complete senses and a strong view of the world. Human beings are asking machines to evaluate their work which is a man-made creation. They are ignoring the fact that machines perform their functions according to the feed data. This data is fed by human beings into machines, so how these machines are superior to human beings in intelligence. These machines can be very helpful for human beings in their lives but cannot replace them. 

Analyzing the selected work and the existence of humans’ characters as portrayed in the novel, Klara and the Sun it is obvious that the dynamic interplay between humanity and machines paves the way for machines to take hold of the whole world. The result of this control will be proved chaotic for human beings. The fulfilment of the desire of getting ideal life by giving control to machines for every happening brings catastrophic results in the world. If it happens so, this will be the end of the human race.

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