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Abstract
Pronouns are morpho-syntactically bounded elements (Gruber, 2017); these word-forms require analysis for clarity in usage and understanding. Generally, languages are constrained in account of their ‘pronominal paradigms’ that results in a fairly systematic usage of these parts of speech (Harley & Ritter, 2002). Across languages pronouns morphologically mark some information regarding their referents, typically person, number, and gender information. Keeping these perspectives in the forefront, the current study aims at investigating the morphosyntactic features of pronouns. It presents a description of the pronouns of the Jatki; a dialect of Punjabi to reveal a systematic usage of these units. The Jatki dialect majorly belongs to the areas of Jhang, Khanewal and other peripheral areas. For this paper, data were gathered through elicitations from the native speakers. Findings of the present study elucidate the distinct forms of pronouns and their varied functionality with reference to their referent nouns in Jatki dialect.
Key Words
Morphosyntactic Features, Pronouns, Jatki dialect, Description
Introduction
Pronouns are denoted as ‘proforms’ as they are capable of replacing lexical units. Pronouns are considered meaning bearing syntactic items because of their property of replacing lexical units in a sentence (Saxena, 2006). Though pronouns exist within a restricted set of members, they appear more frequently in a sentence. These units usually consist of one or two syllabic construction (Cormier, 2013). Apparently the pronouns give the impression of simple lexical units; however, when these pronouns are set in within a phrase or sentence structure, they go through number of morphological procedures because of their placement in different linguistic environment (Cardinaletti & Starke, 1999) and resultantly their attributes become multifaceted or complex.
Morphologically pronouns, across languages, mark some information with reference to their referent, usually number, person, and/or gender information. Generally, these units are used for division of persons in three possible ways; first, second and third person. However, in some languages just two of these distinctions are employed (Cysouw, 2003). Functions and attributes of pronouns vary across languages. interestingly, in some language numbers are marked through pronouns; contrariwise, some languages do not permit such marking at all (Cormier, 2013). Additionally, various languages agree to case and gender marking with the help of pronouns (Bhat, 2004). Pronouns are also utilized for demarcation of plurality which is different, semantically, from the plurality of the nouns (Bhat, 2004). Another significant feature of pronouns is honorific information provided by them. Although, in English language pronouns do not mark honorific information but in many other languages pronouns provide honorific information. Moreover, pronouns also help in achieving precision, avoiding redundancy and attaining clarity (Siewierska, 2004). Aforementioned multiple roles, delineated by the pronouns, make this word class a vital feature to be studied in other understudied languages.
Pakistan is considered to be a land of diverse languages and dialects; it personifies an incredible linguistic diversity. Punjabi is one of the prominent languages spoken in Pakistan specifically in Punjab province. It comprises of millions of speakers (Lothers & Lothers, 2007). Punjabi language encompasses huge number of dialects as it is often said that dialect in Punjab gets change after every half a mile (Asher, 2009). These dialects are further divided into major and minor dialects; major dialects include Majhi, Pahadi, Malwai, Potohari, Sariki, and Multani. On the other hand, Jangali/Jatki has been marked as a minority language of Pakistan which is spoken in the area of Khanewal, Jhang and its peripheral area. Jatki is a language spoken by a large tribe of Punjab region known as Jats. Owing to this nominal status of Jatkii, not many linguistic studies have been conducted on it (Lothers & Lothers, 2007); it has been considered as an ‘understudied’ language from the area of South Asia.
Research Questions
1. How does Jatki dialect uphold gender, number and case feature in pronouns?
2. What respect markers in pronouns are used in Jatki language?
Literature Review
Features are the building blocks of syntax. Feature is defined as an abstract relation and agreement between different components of one sentence. It includes the abstract property of words that determines their shape. As these features affect the morphology, semantics and syntax of words in a sentence, these are known as Morphosytactic Features (Adger, 2002). Morphosyntactic Features are also defined by Liu (2018). According to him, morphosyntax is the distinctive quality of words that is closely connected with syntax and carries semantic and morphological effects. More precisely, morphosyntax results in organizing grammatical features related to words. A morphological change would directly affect the semantics and syntax of words in sentences.
Morpho-syntactically, pronouns are considered complex features (Gruber, 2017) therefore they need a thorough examination for clarity and comprehension. The word ‘pronoun’ is derived from Latin word ‘pronomen’ in which pro means ‘stands for’ and nomen means ‘noun’. Hence, pronouns are used in place of nouns to avoid repetition, monotony and wordiness. “English, like other languages, resists the duplication of nouns in sentences, so it replaces duplicated nouns with what are called pronouns (William (2005)”.
However, as is often the case in linguistics, the reality is more complex. There are number of pronouns that are used to replace nouns to avoid repetition of the noun in a sentence. For instance, ‘Ayesha is an intelligent girl. She always stands first in her class.’ In this example, ‘she’ refers to its antecedent Ayesha. However, there are also cases when a pronoun does not refer to previous noun but to other objects or people. For example, in a sentence, I can drive a car, ‘I’ does not refer to any previous noun. In such cases, pronouns are not representative of nouns, rather they are used in a syntactic position where a noun phrase may take place. In such situations, pronouns express meanings that cannot be conveyed using nouns. As pronouns are used in different situations therefore there are different classes of pronouns.
Traditionally, pronouns are distributed into different classes according to their semantic and syntactic value such as personal, reciprocal possessive, demonstrative, indefinite, relative and reflexive (William, 2005). Pronouns are also explained by Alsagoff. He defines pronouns as following,
“A pronoun stands in place of a noun phrase, or part of a noun phrase, when the reference to that noun phrase is clear from the context” (Alsagoff, 2008).
Alasgoff has described eigfht different types of pronouns including indefinite, personal, possessive, interrogative, reciprocal, demonstrative, relative, and reflexive pronouns.
Pronouns are used across languages however they differ from language to language in their usage and number of types (Seah, 2013). Pronouns are a significant closed class of words (Carter and McCarthy, 2006) and how they are engaged in diverse languages is exciting to many linguists. Therefore, number of researches has been conducted to explore the distribution, kinds and functions of pronouns across languages.
Number of researches has been carried out to analyze the usage of 1st person pronoun across languages. One such study was conducted to find out the similarities and differences of usage of personal pronouns “I”, ‘we’, and ‘us’ by Canadian and Chinese writers in the introductory part of dissertation. The study reflected that Canadian use ‘I’ more frequently than Chinese. However, minimum difference is found in the usage of ‘we’ and ‘us’ in both languages (Zhang, 2012).
Moreover, Vassileva also worked on 1st person pronouns and he compared the usage of pronouns ‘I’, and ‘we’ in five different languages including English, Russian, French, German and Bulgarian. He concluded that usage of first person pronoun in English language is twice higher than any other language (Vassileva, 2000)
Another interesting research has been conducted by Andre and Rachel to examine usage of personal pronouns in different geographical boundaries including Myanmar and its adjoining regions. Two systems of personal pronouns called Grammatical one and Hierarchical one are predominantly used in different regions. The study suggests that grammatical system is used by smaller communities whereas hierarchical system is followed by the most dominant languages (Müller and Weymuth, 2017).
Additionally, another descriptive, contrastive and analytic research has been carried out to compare pronouns in English and Arabic languages. The study described pronouns as per their syntactic, semantic and pragmatic significance. The usage of pronoun is very different in both languages. ‘they’ and ‘it’ are used for non-specific things in English language but there is no fixed pronoun for non-specific things in Arabic language. Furthermore, interrogative pronouns are not found in Arabic language. The categorization of pronouns in Arabic is very different from English. In Arabic pronouns are divided as implicit and explicit, number and type (Igaab and Tarrad, 2019).
Many researches have been carried out to examine the usage of 1st person pronoun (Hyland, 2001), to investigate the function, distribution and number of 1st person pronoun (Ji, 2010), to compare how 1st person pronoun is used by native and non-native English speakers (Martnez, 2005), and to inquire the factors determining the choices between p-pronouns and d-pronouns in German (Bader, 2016). Although number of researches have been carried out to investigate the nature and function of pronouns across languages; less work is done on analysis of pronouns as morphosyntactic feature across languages and very limited studies have described the usage of pronouns in local languages of Pakistan. Hence, still there is a need to explore the function and usage of pronouns in Pakistani indigenous languages; therefore, the current study will examine the morphosyntactic features of pronouns in Jatki—a dialect of punjabi language.
Methodology
Theoretical Framework
The present study employs the basic linguistic theory, a term coined by Robert M.W.Dixon (Nichols, 2007), as a guiding framework to refer to the surface structure to investigate morphosyntactic features of the pronouns in Jatki dialect. This theory permits to describe the language ‘on its own terms’ (p. 789) by donating the idiosyncrasies it has to offer (Kim, 2015).
Data Collection
For the present study, the data have been primarily extracted from elicitations from the native speakers of Jatki dialect. A total of fifteen native speakers were requested to elicit various phrases, statements and expressions in the Jatki dialect of Punjabi. Urdu language was used to ask queries as it is used for everyday communication, in Pakistan. The researcher established a positive rapport with the participants to obtain data in naturalistic and comfortable setting. With the help of a voice recorder, the elicitations were recorded digitally.
Data Analysis
For close examination of these linguistic illustrations, the word-by-word alignment rule developed by Leipzig Glossing Rules
(2015) was used. Besides, the analysis was also supported by Schmidt’s reference grammar (1999) structured for Urdu language. The researcher used the linguistics instances in the abovementioned work as elicitation cues to gather appropriate data from the participants.
Findings and Discussion
The distinct usage of pronouns in Jatki dialect make it worth studying. Different forms and cases of pronouns are examined in the said dialect. The pronouns are used to mark gender difference in many cases. However, all the pronouns do not demarcate gender distinction. Moreover, the second person pronoun in Jatki provides honorific information in majority of the cases. Nevertheless, the feature of plurality is noticeable in most of the categories. Interestingly, the plural pronouns are deliberated for two or more than two individuals, however they are also used for a singular individual for speaking to them in a polite and respectful manner.> >
Demonstrative Pronouns
>The demonstrative pronouns are used in a language to refer to a thing or a person. In English, ‘This’ is used to refer to a thing or person who is at a close distance whereas ‘that’ is sued to refer to a thing or a person who is far. Like other languages, demonstrative pronouns are also used in Jatki language. In Jatki, ‘ay’ (this) is used to refer to a thing or a person who is at a close distance. On the other hand, ‘oh’ (that) is sued to refer to a thing or a person who, in term of a distance, is far. The examples for demonstrative pronouns in Jatki language are explicated below; border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">1.
width="42">Ay
width="54">kaay
width="132">aay?
width="42">
This
width="54">what
width="132">is
‘What is this?’
2.
width="40" colspan="2">Ay
width="40" colspan="2">vi
width="46" colspan="2">talay
width="57" colspan="2" valign="top">likhya
width="46" colspan="2" valign="top">hossi.
width="40" colspan="2">
this
width="40" colspan="2">also
width="46" colspan="2">below
width="57" colspan="2" valign="top">written
width="46" colspan="2" valign="top">will
‘This will also be written below.’
3.
width="60" colspan="2">Ay
width="42" colspan="2">nai
width="54" colspan="2">honda
width="60" colspan="2" valign="top">honda
>
width="60" colspan="2">
This
width="42" colspan="2">not
width="54" colspan="2">happen
width="60" colspan="2" valign="top">should
>
This should not happen.’
width="60" colspan="2" valign="top">>
4.
width="60">Ay
width="60">kursi
width="102">ay
width="60">
This
width="60">chair
width="102">Is
‘This is a water pot.
>Table 1. Nominative and Oblique case Demonstrative Pronouns in Jatki border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
width="248">
Nominative
width="205">Oblique
Singular
width="248">Ay
width="205">Isda
Oh
width="205">Usda
Plural
width="248">Ay
width="205">Inhanu
Oh
width="205">Unhanu
| 5. width="42" valign="top">isda width="54" valign="top">naa width="54" valign="top">ki width="73" valign="top">way? | > width="42" valign="top"> This width="54" valign="top">name width="54" valign="top">what width="73" valign="top">is? | > ‘What is the name of this?’ | |||||||
| 6. width="42" valign="top">usda width="54" valign="top">naa width="54" valign="top">ki width="73" valign="top">way? | > width="42" valign="top"> That width="54" valign="top">name width="54" valign="top">what width="73" valign="top">is? | > ‘What is the name of that?’ | |||||||
| 7. width="55" valign="top">Inhanu width="54" valign="top">ki width="56" valign="top">akhday width="63" valign="top">1) haiyn | > width="55" valign="top"> These width="54" valign="top">what width="56" valign="top">called width="63" valign="top">are | > ‘What are these called as?’ | |||||||
| 8. width="61" valign="top">Unhanu width="54" valign="top">ki width="56" valign="top">akhday width="57" valign="top">2) hayin? | > width="61" valign="top"> Those width="54" valign="top">what width="56" valign="top">called width="57" valign="top">are | > ‘What are those called as?’ | |||||||
| width="154"> Person width="185">Nominative width="151">Oblique | > Singular width="154">First width="185">Main width="151">Main | > Second (informal) width="185">Tairay width="151">Tainu | > Second (formal) width="185">Tuhaday width="151">Tuhanu | > Third (masculine) width="185">Oh width="151">Udhi | > Third (feminine) width="185">Oh width="151">Udhi | > Plural width="154">First width="185">Assan width="151">Saday | > Second width="185">Tuhaday width="151">Tuhaday | > Third width="185">Oh width="151">Unhandi | |
| 11. width="90" valign="top">Tuhaday width="54" valign="top">kolun width="47" valign="top">urdu width="55" valign="top">3) wich width="66" valign="top">4) sawal width="84" valign="top">5) puchay width="102" valign="top">6) waisan | > width="90" valign="top"> You width="54" valign="top">width="47" valign="top"> urdu width="55" valign="top">in width="66" valign="top">question width="84" valign="top">aska width="102" valign="top">will be | > ‘you will be asked question in Urdu.’ | |||||||
border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
12.
width="42" valign="top">Oh
width="66" valign="top">janda
width="42" valign="top">peya
width="72" valign="top">hay
width="42" valign="top">
he
width="66" valign="top">leaving
width="42" valign="top">width="72" valign="top">
is
‘He is leaving.’
13.
width="42" valign="top">Oh
width="66" valign="top">janda
width="42" valign="top">pai
width="72" valign="top">hay
width="42" valign="top">
She
width="66" valign="top">leaving
width="42" valign="top">width="72" valign="top">
is
‘She is leaving.’
14.
width="42" valign="top">Oh
width="66" valign="top">janda
width="42" valign="top">pay
width="72" valign="top">hain
width="42" valign="top">
They
width="66" valign="top">leaving
width="42" valign="top">width="72" valign="top">
are
‘They are leaving.’
Oblique Personal Pronouns
>In Jatki dialect, different word-forms are used in the case of oblique pronouns. The pronoun ‘main’ for 1st person singular pronoun remains the same in case of both the nominative and oblique case; however, the pronoun ‘saday’ is used to demarcate 1st person plural. Moreover, the use of ‘tainu’ and ‘tuhanu’ for 2nd person singular subject is dependent on the context. ‘tuhaday’ is utilized for 2nd person plural pronoun in oblique case. Furthermore, the pronoun ‘udhi’ remains the same for masculine and feminine subjects.
border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
15.
width="144" valign="top">ghar da malik
width="144" valign="top">tuhanu/tainu
width="48" valign="top">chaa
width="162" valign="top">piwasi
width="144" valign="top">
Land-lord
width="144" valign="top">you(formal/informal)
width="48" valign="top">tea
width="162" valign="top">drink
‘Land-lord will give you tea to drink.’
| 16. width="49" valign="top">saday width="48" valign="top">uttay width="96" valign="top">zimmwari width="30" valign="top">ay | > width="49" valign="top"> Us width="48" valign="top">upon width="96" valign="top">responsibility width="30" valign="top">is | > ‘Responsibility is upon us.’ | ||||||
| 16. width="49" valign="top">saday width="48" valign="top">uttay width="96" valign="top">zimmwari width="30" valign="top">ay | > width="49" valign="top"> Us width="48" valign="top">upon width="96" valign="top">responsibility width="30" valign="top">is | > ‘Responsibility is upon us.’ | ||||||
| 17. width="72" valign="top">Ghar-da-malik width="36" valign="top">mai width="30" valign="top">nu width="42" valign="top">chaa width="48" valign="top">piwasi | > width="72" valign="top"> Land-lord width="36" valign="top">me width="30" valign="top">to width="42" valign="top">tea width="48" valign="top">drink | > land-lord will give me tea to drink.’ | ||||||
| 18. width="48" valign="top">Main width="60" valign="top">unhandi width="54" valign="top">madad width="66" valign="top">kraisaan | > width="48" valign="top"> I width="60" valign="top">them width="54" valign="top">help width="66" valign="top">will | > I will help them | ||||||
| 19. width="48" valign="top">Main width="60" valign="top">udhi width="54" valign="top">madad width="66" valign="top">kraisaan | > width="48" valign="top"> I width="60" valign="top">him width="54" valign="top">help width="66" valign="top">will | > I will help him | ||||||
| 20 width="48" valign="top">Main width="60" valign="top">udhi width="54" valign="top">madad width="66" valign="top">kraisaan | > width="48" valign="top"> I width="60" valign="top">her width="54" valign="top">help width="66" valign="top">will | > I will help her | ||||||
| width="134"> Person width="150">For Masculine Noun width="141">For Feminine Noun | > Singular width="134">First width="150">mai + ra width="141">mai + ri | > Second (formal) width="150">tuha + da width="141">tuha + di | > Second (informal) width="150">Tai + ra width="141">tai + ri | > Third width="150">udh + a width="141">udh + i | > Plural width="134">First width="150">mai+ ray width="141">mai + ri | > Second width="150">tuha + day width="141">tuha + diyan | > Third width="150">unhan + day width="141">unhan + diyan | |
| 21. width="60" valign="top">Maira width="66" valign="top">bhira width="78" valign="top">bau width="114" valign="top">sohnda width="164" valign="top">aay | > width="60" valign="top"> My width="66" valign="top">brother width="78" valign="top">very width="114" valign="top">handsome width="164" valign="top">is | > ‘My brother is very handsome.’ | ||||||
| 22. width="66" valign="top">Mairi width="78" valign="top">behn width="60" valign="top">bau width="114" valign="top">sohndi width="162" valign="top">aay | > width="66" valign="top"> My width="78" valign="top">sister width="60" valign="top">very width="114" valign="top">beautiful width="162" valign="top">is | > ‘My sister is very beautiful.’ | ||||||
| 23. width="79" valign="top">Mairay width="60" valign="top">maa width="36" valign="top">tay width="66" valign="top">peo width="114" valign="top">wainday width="129" valign="top">painn | > width="79" valign="top"> My width="60" valign="top">mother width="36" valign="top">width="66" valign="top"> father width="114" valign="top">leaving width="129" valign="top">are | > ‘My mother and father are leaving.’ width="129" valign="top">
| ||||||
| 24. width="78" valign="top">Udha width="78" valign="top">bhira width="72" valign="top">bau width="126" valign="top">sohna width="129" valign="top">aay | > width="78" valign="top"> His/Her width="78" valign="top">brother width="72" valign="top">very width="126" valign="top">handsome width="129" valign="top">is | > ‘His brother is very handsome.’ | ||||||
| 25. width="84" valign="top">Udhi width="72" valign="top">behn width="66" valign="top">bau width="132" valign="top">sohni width="126" valign="top">aay | > width="84" valign="top"> His/Her width="72" valign="top">sister width="66" valign="top">very width="132" valign="top">beautiful width="126" valign="top">is | > Her sister is very beautiful.’ | ||||||
| 26. width="100" valign="top">Unhanday width="77" valign="top">maa width="77" valign="top">tay width="77" valign="top">peo width="77" valign="top">wainday width="77" valign="top">pain | > width="100" valign="top"> Their width="77" valign="top">mother width="77" valign="top">and width="77" valign="top">father width="77" valign="top">leaving width="77" valign="top">are | > ‘Their mother and father are leaving.’ | ||||||
| 27. width="117" valign="top">Taira/tuhada width="75" valign="top">bhira width="73" valign="top">bau width="101" valign="top">sohna width="114" valign="top">aay | > width="117" valign="top"> Your width="75" valign="top">brother width="73" valign="top">very width="101" valign="top">handsome width="114" valign="top">is | > ‘Your brother is very handsome.’ | ||||||
| 28. width="120" valign="top">Tairi/tuhadi width="95" valign="top">behnn width="89" valign="top">bau width="90" valign="top">sohni width="90" valign="top">aay | > width="120" valign="top"> Your width="95" valign="top">sister width="89" valign="top">very width="90" valign="top">beautiful width="90" valign="top">is | > ‘Your sister is very beautiful.’ | ||||||
| 29. width="103" valign="top">Tairay/tuhaday width="77" valign="top">maa width="69" valign="top">tay width="62" valign="top">peo width="71" valign="top">wainda width="93" valign="top">painn | > width="103" valign="top"> Your width="77" valign="top">mother width="69" valign="top">and width="62" valign="top">father width="71" valign="top">leaving width="93" valign="top">are | > ‘Your mother and father are leaving.’ | ||||||
| 30. width="78" valign="top">Tussan width="72" valign="top">ki width="78" valign="top">pay width="114" valign="top">khanday width="156" valign="top">o? | > width="78" valign="top"> You width="72" valign="top">what width="78" valign="top">eating width="114" valign="top">eating width="156" valign="top">are | > ‘What are you eating?’ | ||||||
| 31. width="84" valign="top">Tu width="84" valign="top">beh width="54" valign="top">rahu | > width="84" valign="top"> You width="84" valign="top">sit width="54" valign="top">
| > ‘You sit (down).’ | ||||||
| 32. width="60" valign="top">Main width="84" valign="top">aapdi width="120" valign="top">masi width="102" valign="top">nu width="132" valign="top">sadaina | > width="60" valign="top"> I width="84" valign="top">my width="120" valign="top">maternal-aunt width="102" valign="top">to width="132" valign="top">calls | > ‘I call my maternal-aunt.’ | ||||||
| 33. width="96" valign="top">Main width="84" valign="top">appdi width="130" valign="top">masiyaan width="90" valign="top">nu width="90" valign="top">sadaina | > width="96" valign="top"> I width="84" valign="top">my width="130" valign="top">maternal-aunts width="90" valign="top">to width="90" valign="top">calls | > ‘I call my maternal-aunts.’ | ||||||
| 34. width="120" valign="top">Main width="84" valign="top">appday width="106" valign="top">chachay width="90" valign="top">nu width="90" valign="top">sadaina | > width="120" valign="top"> I width="84" valign="top">my width="106" valign="top">paternal-uncle width="90" valign="top">to width="90" valign="top">calling | > ‘I am calling my paternal-uncle.’ | ||||||
| 35. width="131" valign="top">Main width="61" valign="top">apdday width="118" valign="top">chachay-yaan width="90" valign="top">nu width="90" valign="top">sadaina | > width="131" valign="top"> I width="61" valign="top">my width="118" valign="top">paternal-uncles width="90" valign="top">to width="90" valign="top">calling | > ‘I am calling my paternal-uncles.’ | ||||||
| 36. width="47" valign="top">Mai width="102" valign="top">unhanday width="168" rowspan="2" valign="top">Naal ap>myself width="90" valign="top">gal width="87" valign="top">kraisa | > width="47" valign="top"> I width="102" valign="top">them width="90" valign="top">talk width="87" valign="top">will do | > ‘I will talk with them myself.’ | ||||||
| 37. width="47" valign="top">Oh width="102" valign="top">unhanday width="168" rowspan="2" valign="top">Naal ap>Withherself width="90" valign="top">gal width="87" valign="top">kraisa | > width="47" valign="top"> She width="102" valign="top">them width="90" valign="top">talk width="87" valign="top">will do | > ‘She will talk with them herself.’ | ||||||
| 38. width="72" valign="top">Oh width="155" valign="top">unhanday width="89" valign="top">naal ap width="90" valign="top">gal width="90" valign="top">kraisan | > width="72" valign="top"> They width="155" valign="top">them with width="89" valign="top">themselves width="90" valign="top">talk width="90" valign="top">will do | > ‘They will talk with them themselves.’ | ||||||
| 40. width="48" valign="top">Tusi width="25" valign="top">ki width="47" valign="top">pay width="56" valign="top">akhnay width="46" valign="top">o? | > width="48" valign="top"> You width="25" valign="top">width="47" valign="top"> what width="56" valign="top">saying width="46" valign="top">are | > ‘What are you saying?’ | ||||||
| 41. width="78" valign="top">Ay width="60" valign="top">kaunn width="72" valign="top">7) ay? | > width="78" valign="top"> He width="60" valign="top">who width="72" valign="top">is | > ‘Who is he?’ | ||||||
| 42. width="37" valign="top">Tu width="50" valign="top">kidho width="42" valign="top">8) pay width="46" valign="top">9) anna width="41" valign="top">10) ay? | > width="37" valign="top"> You width="50" valign="top">where width="42" valign="top">from width="46" valign="top">come width="41" valign="top">do? | > ‘Where do you come from? | ||||||
| 43. width="72" valign="top">Ay width="84" valign="top">tain width="102" valign="top">kaindyan width="96" valign="top">shayaan width="141" valign="top">11) chaayan? | > width="72" valign="top"> This width="84" valign="top">you width="102" valign="top">whose width="96" valign="top">thing width="141" valign="top">picked | > ‘Whose thing have you picked up?’ | |||||
‘kaindyan’ is used as an interrogative pronoun for ‘whose’
Kiwain
| 44. width="78" valign="top">Ay width="120" valign="top">kiwain width="144" valign="top">hoya width="153" valign="top">hay? | > width="78" valign="top"> This width="120" valign="top">how width="144" valign="top">happened width="153" valign="top">
| > ‘How did this happen?’ | ||||
The pronoun ‘kiwain’ is used as a question marker for ‘how’.
Conclusion
The current study elucidates an elaborated system for usage of pronouns in varying contexts in Jatki dialect. In most of the cases, these pronouns are dependent upon the feminine or masculine feature of the referring noun. morphologically, pronouns mark some information with reference to their referents. Thus, the aforementioned pronouns in Jatki dialect also perform number of functions within a sentence; they mark number, gender, distance, formal and informal features, and cases. They also provide honorific information in the said dialect. The present study attempted to elucidate the usage of pronouns with respect to varying contexts for a better comprehension of their mechanism in the Jatki language. Furthermore, this paper may assist linguistics scholars and language learners in understanding the efficacy of pronouns in this understudied dialect of Punjabi language. This study is restricted to the discussion of pronouns; future studies may investigate further parts of speech in this dialect for gaining a comprehensive view of the several language-dependent mechanisms functioning within the Jatki dialect in particular.
References
Cite this article
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APA : Haider, M. (2022). A Morphosyntactic Analysis of Pronouns in Jatki Language. Global Language Review, VII(I), 348-358. https://doi.org/10.31703/glr.2022(VII-I).28
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CHICAGO : Haider, Mehwish. 2022. "A Morphosyntactic Analysis of Pronouns in Jatki Language." Global Language Review, VII (I): 348-358 doi: 10.31703/glr.2022(VII-I).28
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HARVARD : HAIDER, M. 2022. A Morphosyntactic Analysis of Pronouns in Jatki Language. Global Language Review, VII, 348-358.
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MHRA : Haider, Mehwish. 2022. "A Morphosyntactic Analysis of Pronouns in Jatki Language." Global Language Review, VII: 348-358
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MLA : Haider, Mehwish. "A Morphosyntactic Analysis of Pronouns in Jatki Language." Global Language Review, VII.I (2022): 348-358 Print.
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OXFORD : Haider, Mehwish (2022), "A Morphosyntactic Analysis of Pronouns in Jatki Language", Global Language Review, VII (I), 348-358
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TURABIAN : Haider, Mehwish. "A Morphosyntactic Analysis of Pronouns in Jatki Language." Global Language Review VII, no. I (2022): 348-358. https://doi.org/10.31703/glr.2022(VII-I).28