Abstract

Inter semiotic Translation is one of the most unexplored types of translation. It beholds the idea of translating verbal images into non-verbal ones. The author of this study has conducted this translation analysis and the main objective of this study is to see how, within the medium of a film, linguistic and verbal elements are translated into the audio-visual imagery. The theoretical framework opted for this research belongs to the famous philosophical intellect of modern times. Jakobson’s (1959) theory of inter semiotic translations is considered as a model to analyse a particular movie. The data has been collected from the Korean movie Tunnel which was released in 2016. The movie is about the catastrophic incident of Tunnel collapsing. The methodology for this study is qualitative and within interpretive paradigm, the data of the film has been analyzed. The result of the study shows that the audio visual patterns of the movie stayed true to the linguistic aspect of the picture. There is no deviation between verbal and non-verbal elements and they seem to complement each other.

Key Words

Inter Semiotics, Translation Analysis, South Korean Movie, Tunnel

Introduction

The word "translation" no more holds the conventional definition of changing a language of a text into another language. The term has been systematized now. Although traditionally it has been defined as the replacement of an equivalent text in one language into another language (Meethan £ Hudson, 1969). Or, in other times, translation has been defined by Dubois as the expression of one language into another language (As-Safi, 2011). But the meaning and definition of translation has been changed significantly over the period of time. Roman Jakobson, is the person among intellects who have rediscovered the theory of translation. His major work is On Linguistic Aspect of Translation which he has written in 1959. In the work, Jakobson has redefined the matter of recording the text and also, and he has focused on the interpretation of the meaning (Frietas, 2004). Jakobson has outlined three categories of translations. One category is known as intra-lingual translation, the other is inter-lingual translation, and the third kind inter mitotic translation. The first kind of translation deals with the rewording process. Here, the words are translated into the same language. The second type or interlingual translation is also known as translation proper. It deals with the interpretation of words by the use of some other language. The third is the inter-semiotic translation. This is the translation we are dealing with in this Article. Jakobson has famously defined it as the conversion of verbal signs into the non-verbal ones. It is also known as transmutation. Gorlee (2016) has defined it as re-codification of textual signs into non-linguistic signs or codes. Only a few people are familiar with such a technique of translation as it not very commonly used. (Delabastita, 2003). The visual representation of the concept can be seen in the image below.

Figure 1



This article, specifically, intends to investigate inter semiotic translation analysis of the Korean movie, the Tunnel. The film is the medium where mostly inter semiotic translations are manifested. The reason for choosing the medium of the film lies in the fact that it is indeed one of the most common and popular medium of today's world. Additionally, the importance of visual and auditory perception shown via screen through films is rapidly increasing as a result of the development of new technologies. A lot of individuals would rather watch and listen than read. (Olga, 2019). There is so much meaning that is hidden behind pictures and audio of the characters. Such audio-visual signs are needed to be studied. Previous researches have usually fixated on explicit sources, such as literary texts. Implicit sources, alternatively, are often being neglected because they are hard to trace. They are often not written down anywhere and exist only in the mind of film-makers. This is also the reason the researchers has picked the medium of the film for the study.

The film chosen for this study was released in 2016. It is a survival drama which revolves around the person's resilience and willpower. The protagonist in the story, Lee Jung-Soo is driving his car towards home when suddenly the Tunnel from where is the car was passing, collapsed. (Reno, 2017). Then starts the battle of the protagonist where he fought to save his life.




Statement of the Problem

Jakobson's viewpoint of inter semiotic translations has definitely paved the way for a complex form of communication that is mostly non-verbal in nature. Such non-verbal cues exist in societies and they are needed to be studied, understood, and interpreted. This study has focuses on the inter-semiotic analysis of the movie called Tunnel and the study will put light on the fact that what role inter semiotic analysis can play in interpreting the verbal and non-verbal cues of the language. 

Mostly, translation studies scholars continue to focus on the linguistic aspect of translation. Their intent is to study the language. This study however focuses on the translation aspect that is different than mere language translation. Moreover, the purpose of this study is to see how inter semiotic analysis work within the genre of a film. The need is to see how the text (dialogue) of the movie stands true to the action that lies in the background of those dialogues. Therefore, this study has been conducted by the researchers.




Significance of the Research

Translation studies have a great scope (Mona, 1998). It makes a person informant of different lives, cultures, societies and languages. It enables men to see critically. A phenomenon can not only be interpreted through the help of translation analysis but it can also be spread across different parts of the world. In this way, the general understanding towards world phenomenon is developed. This study has dealt with inter semiotic analysis of the film. The film is the medium through which one is exposed to different kinds of information. The information could be a piece of fiction or sometimes, it is based on true events. In any case, the film provides people with all sorts of information. Interestingly, such information is not only verbal but it is non verbal as well. According to Zhang (2020) film is recognized as both an audio and visual medium. There is a proper setting alongside the plot line of the movie. Costumes, make-up, lightening, cinematography, acting and performance give all sorts of non verbal information along with the verbal information




Research Objectives

The following are the objectives of the research:

1. To analyse inter semiotic translations in the Korean movie, Tunnel, 

2. To focus on audio-visual patterns in a particular movie.

3. To see if the verbal and audio-visual patterns in the movie synchronise with each other.




Research Questions

1. What are the inter semiotic translation patterns in the movie Tunnel?

2. Are the audio-visual patterns synchronous with the verbal elements in the film?

3. Keeping the movie in context, how audio-visual patterns work within Jakobson's inter-semiotic translation framework?

Literature Review

This part of the article will point out the different researches which have been done on inter semiotic translations. It has pointed out the importance of the topic and consequently it has also put light on the scope of the particular topic. Many studies have been done on translation analysis. The author has discussed a few of them. The first study is related to Semiosis and translations studies. Both the terms are greatly connected and this connection has been described by Peirce (AguiaandQueioz, 2013). According to his theory of sign, Semiosis involves a constituent of sign, object, and interpretant (s-o-i). A sign is related to the object which is somehow understood with the help of the interpretant. So, the terms are somehow interconnected and their relation could be seen in connection to each other. This relation of s-o-i is often termed as Triadic relation. Object, sign and interpretant, all three-hold significance in such relation. According to Aguiar and Queiroz (2013), the main semiotic source is the sign which could also be said as the translated work. Whereas, the interpretant is the effect that is produced by the object or the interpreter. A famous Brazilian work Macunaima by Marco de Andrade is presented as an example. The work is analyzed through inter semiotic translation. There were several ways through which the work would be translated into a dance but the director focuses only on a few particular aspects of it. For instance, the protagonist in the original story of the novel is a modernist person. This person is aesthetically presented and he is translated beautifully in the form of recreations by a dancer. The dancer has perfectly presented his body movements. Semiotically it can be said that the dancer (the translated work) which was interpreted according to the likes of the book are yet to be interpreted by the audience or the viewer. And it is them who decide whether the translated work is in accordance with the original work or not.

Another work has put light on the inter semiotic translation analysis. For the purpose, the author has used Conrad's Novel Heart of Darkness. In the article, Jarniewicz (2018) has examined Anyango and Mairowitz graphical version of Conrad’s Heart of Darkness.  The story of the protagonist Marlow has been interpreted and discussed. The character is also analyzed visually. The article has also addressed the issues which have been highlighted in visual representation. The author of the article has posed the question that whether the graphic or visualization of the novel stayed true to the original version of the story or not. The technique used by the author, Jarniewicz (2018) is inter-semiotic translation analysis and therefore the author has critically discussed the plot of the story and then has emphasized on the graphical novel and its major aspects. Jarniewicz (2018) has analyzed how linguistic choices used by Conrad's Marlow in the novel is visually translated in the version of Anyango and Mairowitz. For instance, for the form of light, five different words were used. These words were glow, halo, haze, illumination, and moonlight. And according to the author, translating these words was not really difficult. It is because light and dark phenomenon can easily be presented visually and it is not very tough to show darkness and light visually on an image. 

The novel discussed above was translated from the medium of a literary novel into the graphic novel. But the case is not always the same. Sometimes, pieces of literature are often translated into films and television adaptations. A thesis is written by Diget (2019) which has followed a similar trend. He, in his study, has investigated audio descriptions by applying the inter-semiotic translation analysis proposed by Jacobson in 1959. For the study, three audio descriptions were considered from a particular short film. It was seen that how these three audio descriptions, taken from same film, can vary from each other. The purpose of the research has been cited by Diget (2019) as he claimed to bring insights in the field of narratology. He has researched that it is not the only language that is used in the construction of the narration but pictures, gestures and different images can be used as a vehicle of narration. Diget (2019) has used inter-semiotic translation for his investigation in narratology. He has explained the term in detail as well. According to him, Jakobson (1959) is the person who has first coined the term inter semiotic translations. This category of translation is of broader category. It usually does not concern itself with the conversion of one text into another (transfer of one language into another). Rather it is referred as transmutation or transportation. In other words, it is said:

inter semiotic translation entails translation from one act of communication and it employed semiotic system to another act of communication that entail a different, more or fewer semiotic system. For example, a translation from a book to a film entails translating from written language, which is uni-semiotic, to film, which is poly semiotic. Additionally, the book is a medium that consists of largely symbolic signs and the film is a medium that consist of largely iconic signs (Diget 2019, p. 17).

The debate on inter semiotic translation is carried further by Zhang (2020) . According to him Jakobson's viewpoint on inter-semiotic translation has paved way for translation studies. It has guided that how medium of writing can be changed into the medium of images. The author has however, shown disappointment over the fact that this system of translation has not received the systematic attention as it deserves. The area is needed to be explored more especially in times of digitalization and media. The objective of the study of Zhang (2020) is to understand inter semiotic translation. He does that by case studying a film and by discussing it through the prism of translations. He believes that film is a medium in which verbal signs are transmitted into non-verbal sign and this all is transmitted at a price. Because there are always factors which influence the making of the film. For instance, performance, acting, cinematography, setting and sounds are examples of such factors. These factors can influence the storyline of the film, thus, deviating it from the path of accuracy. This could all be studied in inter semiotic translation analysis as it provides a broad perspective to study meaning and context. Apart from studying the linguistic aspect of translation studies, inter-semiotic translation analysis focuses on the larger picture. Zhang (2020) has picked three films directed by Ang Lee. The movies are Life of a Pie (2012), Lust, Caution (2007) and Hidden Dragon (2000). All these movies were critically acclaimed across the globe and were financially triumphant. There semiotic analysis showed that the audio describers have successfully translated visual events that were handy in building the narration of the films.

There is an article by Sequeira (2015) in which he has interpreted the famous Sherlock Holmes from the angle of inter-semiotic translation analysis. Sherlock Holmes, the work written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is one of the most well-read pieces of detective literature in England. Sequeira (2015) has analyzed the episode called, Hounds of Baskervilles. This episode is adapted in cinema and television production several times. The purpose of the study was to highlight the important aspect of inter semiotic translation analysis and to see the common ground between the original written work and its cinema or television adaptation. The finding of the study shows that while adapting the piece of literature, 100% accuracy is not required. If the adaptation can hold true to its time, it can still be considered as a good adaptation. This means that the work should show relevance with the time in which it is being produced.

An attempt towards an inquiry into inter-semiotic translation has also been done by Habibian and Ameri (2017). They did the analysis of Children's books and the theory they used was put forward by Aguiar and Quieroz. There are images and pictures in children's textbooks. These pictures are considered as inter semiotic translation of the main or source text. These images are often considered illustrations which are very useful and essential in the recreation of the text in the visual image. The question was proposed by Habibian and Ameri (2017) in which they seek an answer for the exclusive strategy for the translation of the text into images. In their research they interviewed experts and book specialists and they come to find out that there was no explicit and exclusive strategy that was being followed by anyone when it comes to the translation of text into images. According to them every translator relies on their own instincts and do not follow any kind of set rules or strategy. 

The work on inter semiotic translation analysis has not only done on children's literature. In Pakistan, it has also been done at the primary level and on textbooks published by Punjab Textbook Board (PTBB). The study is conducted by Khalid et al. (2017) that focused on the visual and verbal modes of the book at the primary level in schools of Punjab. For their study, the authors have used a criterion sampling technique and rook twenty-one images from different textbooks of English, General Science and General knowledge. Later, in the study, these images were qualitatively analysed and their inter semiotic relations between visual and verbal models were studied. The result of the study shows that the logical relations among images and texts were present and this indicates coherence of the subject matter. Also, these logical relations were not only found to be evident but it was also employed in the study that these logical relations were deliberately used by the course designers while designing the textbook at the primary level. But the suggestion of the study indicated that these inter semiotic logic relations must be used less often in order to make the text less complicated than it already is. (Khalid et al, 2017)

Another interesting piece of work is done by Memon (2021).  She has analysed inter semiotic complementarity of Royce's as a framework to analyse selected placards from the Aurat March, 2018. According to Memon (2018), a placard has always been used as a platform to showcase expressions. They are used to express a person's freedom, liberty and opinion. They are often seemed to be used in political and social marches, chanting and protests. Aurat March 2018 in Pakistan elusively make use of such placards. These were used to demonstrate women's point of view against the patriarchal norms of standard times (Memon, 2018). The author wanted to decipher the meaning behind those cards and therefore conducted the study. After investigating those cards, Memon (2018) comes to the conclusion that the main visual representation in the cards were from women. They were seen as the symbol of oppression in those placards and their visual injuries were representative of the domestic oppression they face. inter semiotically, these placards were demonstrating the emotional state of women. They were putting light on the fact that although women get to be an educated person but still, they have to face a certain degree of subjugation. The inter semiotic translation clearly reflected that how women are wanted to be represented in the society. (Memon, 2017)

An extraordinary take on inter semiotic analysis has been taken by Biswas (2016) in his article named Satyajit Ray’s Ganashatru: An inter semiotic Translation of Henrik Ibsen’s an Enemy of the People. In the work, the writer has discussed inter semiotic translation analysis by Jakobson. He has applied is framework on Ibsen’s famous work, ‘Enemy of the People’ and its Indian adaptation called Satyajit Ray’s Ganashatru Both works, the original text and the adapted one however varies in content. For instance, the element of loneliness is associated with the protagonist of the Enemy of the People. Comparatively, in Gupta’s version, the protagonist Dr Ashok is not at all alone According to Biswas (2016) these variations are completely natural because this is the way through which English original stories will be successfully adapted in its Indian versions.

A study recently been conducted is suggestive of the fact that how culture shape’s identity. To process this idea the writers have used semiotic analysis for their study. The analysis was done by Aleem et al. (2021). In their significant work, they have tried to probe into women issues like the question of identity. They objective was to find how that how these feminine identities are shaped across cultures. For the purpose, they have collected three advertisements, both old and latest. Aleem et al. (2021) have applied social semiotic framework of Kress and Van Leuuwen (2002). For their work, the authors interviewed twenty female viewers to study their opinion on identity and representation in society. According to the findings of the study, women appear different than the media image which is mostly circulated in society. Moreover, through inter semiotic translation analysis, the author was able to find out that the women representation in society is mostly stereotypical in nature. Such stereotypes must not be neglected. By interpreting the text in the advertisements, the authors were also able to conclude that truth is never fully revealed. Truth is always different than that of asserted reality which is often portrayed on media. (Aleem et al., 2021)

Methodology

This research follows qualitative research methodology. Qualitative study includes naturalistic approach to interpret the phenomenon of the world (Denzin & Lincoln, 2015). Moreover, in qualitative approach, it is up to the researchers that how s/he interprets the data. (Leary, 2014).  So, keeping in mind the interpretive paradigm, the purpose of choosing this methodology is that the researchers interprets the inter semiotic translation according to the needs of the movie. The data selected for the purpose is a movie of Korean original. The name of the movie is Tunnel and was released in the year 2016. The movie was directed by Kim Seong Hun. The story of the movie is fictional yet it is known to be distantly inspired by real life event of a Sewol ferry incident of 2014 where 304 passengers were killed. Safety is the main issue depicted in the movie (Bechervaisse, 2016). The characters of the movie are well written; even the performances of the actors are executed well. The main character of the novel is Lee Jung Soo, the middle-aged man with family responsibilities. He has personal goals in life. He is a salesperson and values his business. Apart from that he is a family man and loves his daughter. In the movie when action begins, Lee is on his way home to celebrate his daughter’s birthday. The other characters of the movie revolve around the life of Lee. The remaining important characters are Se- Hyun, the wife of Lee, Chief of Rescue operation and the old man at the pump. These characters have shaped the plot of the story. 

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical Framework used for the study is of Jakobson’s model of translation analysis. He has proposed different types of translations in his book, The Linguistic Aspects of the Language written in 1959. Although, Jakobson’s ideas cover three kinds of translations: intra-lingual translations, interlingual translations and inter semiotic translations, but this study will focus mainly on the third kind of translation the transmutation or inter semiotic translation. This translation is about conversion of verbal cues into the non verbal ones. This translation is different than that of others and is not commonly used. In the following discussions, it will be noticed that how the verbal cues are presented in the movie and then by analysing the non verbal elements, it will be seen that how such both linguistic and non-linguistic codes complement each others. 

Results



Findings

The inter semiotic translation analysis of the movie shows that the verbal signs have successfully translated into the action. Right from the start, the film portrayal of the tragic incident was appropriately translated into action. But before the researchers concludes the discussion on the inter semiotic elements in the movie, it is important to see translation studies from the larger perspective as well. Not only the film holds inter semiotic patterns but evidently there are other translation models found to be applicable on the Korean movie Tunnel. Jakobson (1959) has categorized three types of translation. Interestingly, out of the three kinds, two are evidently seemed to be present in the movie. If one discusses the elements of interlingual patterns (translation of a text from one language into another), it can be observed that the film has used not a one medium of language. Along with the Korean language, English language seemingly holds its ground as well. The evidence of it comes from the fact that the movie is originally in Korean language but it has also been translated into other languages like English thus proving the point that interlingual translational patterns are present in the movie. Also, the subtitles, the captioned displayed at the bottom of the screen, are present in number of languages. This also shows the linguistic and verbal translation of the text from one language into another, thus, again pointing towards the interlingual aspect of the translation analysis. There is also a scene present in the movie which point towards the similar story. In the story, the chief of the Rescue team asked for the Operation Manual and his subordinates handed over him the old version. He asked for the latest and his employees said that the latest manual was in English, yet to be translated in Korean. To which he replied, in anger, “Translate back it into English and send it back”. The sentence is signifying the fact that interlingual translations are common and exist at different social and cultural level in Korea. In this excerpt, one can analyse two types of translations. One of the process can be viewed as inter linguistic as it can be seen that how language is referred to change (Leontovich, 2015). 

Discussions

The Korean movie, Tunnel, has been analysed inter semiotically by the researchers. For the purpose, various scenes have been chosen by the researcherss and then the Jakobson’s model of inter semiotic analysis has been applied to it. The selected scenes will be discussed one by one in detail to see how verbal signs are executed in performance of the actor. Also, it will be discussed that how the settings, surroundings, time, costume, make-up, lightening and staging are working in the background to make the plot of the movie believable for the audience. 

The first scene selected for the study is related to the protagonist Lee Jung-Soo. He is the middle-aged man of thirty-eight years. He is a loving father and a kind person. This could be sense from the fact that he was kind to the old man although the old man didn’t listen to his commands and do the opposite of what he said. He sells him petrol of worth $90 when Lee actually asked to for $30 filling. The person in command of the company instantly insulted the old man and asked him to wear hearing aids. The old man looked ashamed and felt sorry. He obviously felt guilty on the angered words of his employer. In the second scene we saw Lee progressing towards his home on his car. While passing through the Tunnel, he felt some weirdness in his surroundings. To his despise, the Tunnel from which he was passing collapsed. Not only the Tunnel was blocked fully from its outer pathways but inside the mountains of rocks fell on Lee’s car. He was lucky enough to be safe but he found himself to be into a dark cold claustrophobic place. When he opens his eyes after regaining consciousness, he mourns in pain. His screams were of agony and turmoil. The protagonist of the story and the lead character of the film has brilliantly executed this scene. It has been shown by such scenes that how verbal signs are translated into non verbal ones. The study done by Diget (2019) has presented inter semiotic analysis in a keen way. Just as in this study, it has been shown that how non verbal cues are equally important, Diget (2019) has emphasized on the same point as well. He showed in his research that how visual and verbal elements add to the plot of the story. In narration, along with the written words, non-written parts are significant too.

In the third scene of the film, the confusion has reached the peaked level. Protagonist is unaware of the severity of condition he is in. His natural instinct made him dial 911. The emergency call operators, like Lee were yet not informed of the crisis. Meanwhile, Lee was trying to explain it to them. He was clearly suffocating under the piles of rocks and also the signals of his phone were at minimal. It was harder for him to communicate with the emergency personnel. They asked Lee to speak louder. Although it was tough for him to speak out loud as his throat was coughing the dirt out of his mouth. Still, he managed to speaker louder on his command.  The fourth and fifth scene of the film is still about Lee struggling to interpret the crisis in which he was stuck. At first he was in rush. He wanted to be out from the collapsed Tunnel.  He wanted to be with his daughter as it was her birthday as he was bringing her a cake. He gets hasty and asked officials to stop asking questions and rescue him. After he makes phone call, he started to think about the situation. By then he was fully conscious and was trying to anticipate the incident. He felt instant regret to see the water bottles that were given to him by the old man at the pump. This makes him realize that if he hadn’t been late on the pump, he would have evaded the crisis. The regret fills him and it is seen through the body language of the protagonist that how regretful he is at the moment.  

Inter semiotic translation can also be seen in scene six. The news of the Tunnel collapse is out on the media. There is frenzy everywhere. People are worried about the causalities and the missing person. Lee’s wife was out somewhere when in the background she hears Lee’s name coming out from the speakers of the television. After hearing the name in her ears, she rushed towards the nearby television screen to confirm what her ears just heard. She was utterly disappointed to see her husband’s picture on the screen. This is how inter semiotic translations work. After hearing the audio from the screen, she goes towards the screen to see the visuals translating the name correctly or not. In the selected scene seven, one can see the action is in progress now. There is quite a hustle and bustle outside the Tunnels. The rescue teams are active and on duty to save a person who is stuck under the collapsed Tunnel. But their work was interrupted as media teams were very much interested in the Tunnel collapsing story. They were outside the Tunnels and mending directly in the affairs of the officials. They even called Lee and talked to him in an inhumane manner. The officer in charge felt sorry for poor Lee and for his sake he threatens the media team for breaking the moral codes. He threatens them of the Media Codes articles and sent them away. His assistance asked him of the code, to which the officer replied that there is no such code and he made it up to scare them. He told them further that the media persons did not argue about the code, indicating the fact that they even don’t know about their codes. inter semiotically speaking, the word argument is tricky here. By argument, one means, non-stop talk or debate over a topic which could either result in heated debate or violence. They media person didn’t argue means here that they didn’t retaliate. Hence the matter was resolved peacefully and they fall back from the front line. 

Scene eight and ten are about Lee, still struggling in the Tunnel and losing his temper. He asked the officials to give clear picture of the catastrophe. He was in agitation and the chief from the rescue team asked him to calm down. Scene ten is also about Lee communicating with the chief. Chief is down in the Tunnel on his car. The driver of the car accidently honks the horn and lee nearby listens the sound. This sound was not verbally uttered but still interpreted by Lee as some sort of a signal. He became active on the sound of it and calls chief to ask whether he was around. Scene nine is also an interesting scene to observe inter semiotically. In the scene, the chief asked his subordinate to pin the map down. Instead of pining it down, he took the message that it must not be rolled again. He therefore put telephone, a mobile tablet and a tape over the map so it could be rolled with the weights on it now. 

The second last scene selected for the analysis holds significance as well. Lee’s wife is a woman of plain nature. She was not at the Tunnel for fame. She just wants her husband’s safety. But the political air that surrounds the Tunnel was at rise. Every political person wants to take a picture with the poor wife. They were materialistic in approach and want to give the world a picture that they stood with the oppressed ones just to gain political fame. This scene has no verbal remarks or dialogues. There is only silence but yet the scene is so powerful that it has conveyed multi layered messages within few seconds. The last scene is equally strong. Lee is seen her communicating with the dog. Dog and any other animals are not trained to talk like humans. They cannot speak. But animals, like humans are living being who can sense emotions and, in the sense, it can be clearly observed that Lee is able to understand the dog and Dog is able to understand Lee. There is a verbal talk from Lee’s end which was being understood by the dog. This is the example of inter semiotic analysis; audio visual references are being understood and interpreted by the people without any trouble. 

Limitations of the Study

The study is limited to the particular medium called film. The inter semiotic analysis is done upon the Tunnel. The study is limited to this particular set of analysis of the Korean picture and does not exceed beyond its limits.

Future Recommendation

The topic could be further extended by amalgamating comparative studies. Tunnel could be analysed side by side with the other Korean originated movie and their inter semiotic analysis could be done side by side.

Conclusion

The article has dealt with the inter semiotic translation analysis of the film, Tunnel which was released in 2016. According to the findings of the study, it has been observed that audio-visual patterns are evident in the movie. Moreover, the translation of the film shows coherence among the verbal visual aspects of the movie. One cannot say that the verbal elements lag behind the action of the picture. In fact, it has been keenly observed by the researchers that the verbal signs are fully translated into the non verbal signs in the movie. The action of the movie, along with the performance, setting background, cinematography and other important factors stayed true to the verbal and linguistic aspect of the movie. 

References

• Aguiar, D., & Queiroz, J. (2013). Semiosis and inter semiotic translation. Semiotica, 2013(196), 283-292.
• Aleem, M., Bashir, A., & Anjum, M. A. (2021). Multimodal Discourse Analysis of the Transforming Media Identity of Pakistani Women. Ilkogretim Online, 20(5).
• As-Safi, A. B. (2011). Translation theories: Strategies and basic theoretical issues. Al Manhal.
• Baker, M. (ed.). (1998). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, London & New York: Routledge.
• Bechervaise, J. (2016). Tunnel: Locarno Review.
• Biswas, A. (2016). Satyajit Ray’s Ganashatru: An inter semiotic Translation of Henrik Ibsen’s An Enemy of the People. Journal of English studies, 7, 46-54.
• Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). Qualitative research. (Vol-1). New Delhi: Sage
• Delabastita, D. (2003). ‘Translation Studies for the 21st Century: Trends and Perspectives’, Génesis 3: 7-24.
• Diget, I. S. K. (2019). Inter semiotic Translation from Film to Audio Description: A cognitive semiotic approach.
• Freitas, E. (2004). Similar concepts, different channels: inter semiotic translation in three Portuguese advertising campaigns. The Translator, 10(2), 291- 311.
• Gorlée, D. L. (2016). Inter semioticity and Intertextuality: Picaresque and Romance in Opera. Sign Systems Studies, 44(4), 587-622.
• Habibian, N., & Ameri, A. (2017). An Inquiry into inter semiotic Translation of Children's Books: A Case Study of Illustration and Rendition. Journal of Language and Translation, 7(2), 1-19.
• Jakobson, R. (1959). On linguistic aspects of translation. In On translation. 232-239. Harvard University Press.
• Jarniewicz, J. (2018). To See Heart of Darkness. On the inter semiotic Translation of Joseph Conrad’s Novel. PrzekÅ‚adaniec, 2018(2018-Word and Image in Translation), 36-51.
• Kress, G., & Van Leeuwen, T. (2002). Colour as a semiotic mode: notes for a grammar of colour. Visual communication, 1(3), 343-368.
• Leontovich, Olga (2019). A Sensible Image of the Infinite”: inter semiotic Translation of Russian Classics for Foreign Audiences. Russian Journal of Linguistics, 23(2), 399—414.
• Leontovich, O. (2015). Word and Image in Search of Each Other: inter semiotic Translation of Narratives from an Intercultural Perspective. Procedia — Social and Behavioral Sciences. Issue 200C, 2015. 289—295.
• Malik, S. K. D. M. A., & But, M. A. (2017). An inter semiotic Analysis of Verbal and Visual Cohesion in Primary-level Textbooks Published by PTBB.
• Memon, S. (2021). A Multi-modal Analysis of Selected Placards from the ‘Aurat March’2018 of Pakistan. Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences, 4(2), 467-478.
• Meetham, A. & Hudson, R. (1969). Encyclopaedia in Linguistics, Information and Control. Pergamon Press.
• O'leary, Z. (2004). The essential guide todoing research. Sage.
• Sequeira, J. N. R. G. (2015). Sherlock Holmes: From Paper to the Screen-An Analysis of the inter semiotic Translation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s the Hound of the Baskervilles (Doctoral dissertation, Instituto Politecnico do Porto (Portugal).
• Zhang, H. (2020). Exploring inter semiotic Translation Models: A Case Study of Ang Lee's Films (Doctoral dissertation, Durham University).